<Knghtbrd> r0bert: in short, we're moving several things the client currently is responsible for telling the server into things the server checks for itself <Knghtbrd> If Neo says "There is no spoon", The Matrix will say "Oh yes there is---no cheating!" <hollis> But he knows kung fu... <Knghtbrd> Sure he does, but I have a rocket launcher.
The actual currency (1910) consists of (l) _Silver_, which may be either uncoined ingots passing current by weight, or imported coins, Mexican dollars and British dollars; and (2) _Copper_ "cash," which has no fixed relation to silver. The standard is silver, the unit being the Chinese ounce or tael, containing 565 grains. The tael is not a coin, but a weight. Its value in sterling consequently fluctuates with the value of silver; in 1870 it was worth about 6s. 8d., in 1907 it was worth 3s. 3d.[48] The name given in China to uncoined silver in current use is "sycee." It is cast for convenience sake into ingots weighing one to 50 taels. Its average fineness is 916.66 per 1000. When foreign silver is imported, say into Shanghai, it can be converted into currency by a very simple process. The bars of silver are sent to a quasi-public office termed the "Kung K'u," or public valuers, and by them melted down and cast into ingots of the customary size. The fineness is estimated, and the premium or betterness, together with the exact weight, is marked in ink on each ingot. The whole process only occupies a few hours, and the silver is then ready to be put into use. The Kung K'u is simply a local office appointed by the bankers of the place, and the weight and fineness are only good for that locality. The government takes no responsibility in the matter, but leaves merchants and bankers to adjust the currency as they please. For purposes of taxation and payment of duties there is a standard or treasury tael, which is about 10% heavier than the tael of commerce in use at Shanghai. Every large commercial centre has its own customary tael, the weight and therefore the value of which differ from that of every other. Silver dollars coined in Mexico, and British dollars coined in Bombay, also circulate freely at the open ports of trade and for some distance inland, passing at a little above their intrinsic value. Carolus dollars, introduced long ago and no longer coined, are retained in current use in several parts of the interior, chiefly the tea-growing districts. Being preferred by the people, and as the supply cannot be added to, they have reached a considerable premium above their intrinsic value. Provincial mints in Canton, Wuchang, and other places have issued silver coins of the same weight and touch as the Mexican dollar, but very few have gone into use. As they possess no privilege in debt-paying power over imported Mexican dollars there is no inducement for the people to take them up unless they can be had at a cheaper rate than the latter, and these are laid down at so small a cost above the intrinsic value that no profit is left to the mint. The coinage has in consequence been almost discontinued. Subsidiary coins, however, came largely into use, being issued by the local mints. One coin "the hundredth part of a dollar" proved very popular (the issue to the end of 1906 being computed at 12,500,000,000), but at rates corresponding closely to the intrinsic value of the metal in it. The only coin officially issued by the government--up to 1910--was the so-called copper _cash_. It is a small coin which by regulation should weigh 1/16 of a tael, and should contain 50 parts of copper, 40 of zinc, and 10 of lead or tin, and it should bear a fixed ratio to silver of 1000 cash to one tael of silver. In practice none of these conditions was observed. Being issued from a number of mints, mostly provincial, the standard was never uniform, and in many cases debased. Excessive issues lowered the value of the coins, and for many years the average exchange was 1600 or more per tael. The rise in copper led to the melting down of all the older and superior coins, and as for the same reason coining was suspended, the result was an appreciation of the "cash," so that a tael in 1909 exchanged for about 1220 cash or about 35 to a penny English. Inasmuch as the "cash" bore no fixed relation to silver, and was, moreover, of no uniform composition, it formed a sort of mongrel standard of its own, varying with the volume in circulation. (G.J.; X.) Entry: 7
_The Hia Dynasty._--As a reward for his services Yü was selected to succeed Shun as emperor. He divided the empire into nine provinces, the description of which in the _Yü-kung_ chapter of the "Canon of History" bears a suspicious resemblance to later accounts. Yü's reign has been assigned to the years 2205-2198, and the Hia Dynasty, of which he became the head, has been made to extend to the overthrow in 1766 B.C. of Kié, its eighteenth and last emperor, a cruel tyrant of the most vicious and contemptible character. Among the Hia emperors we find _Chung-k'ang_ (2159-2147), whose reign has attracted the attention of European scholars by the mention of an eclipse of the sun, which his court astronomers had failed to predict. European astronomers and sinologues have brought much acumen to bear on the problem involved in the _Shu-king_ account in trying to decide which of the several eclipses known to have occurred about that time was identical with the one observed in China under Chung-k'ang. Entry: B
An edict of the 17th of August 1910 effected considerable and unexpected changes in the personnel of the central government. Tang Shao-yi, a former lieutenant of Yuan Shih-kai, was appointed president of the Board of Communications, and to him fell the difficult task of reconciling Chinese and foreign interests in the development of the railway system. Sheng Kung-pao regarded as the chief Chinese authority on currency questions, and an advocate of the adoption of a gold standard, was attached to the Board of Finance to help in the reforms decreed by an edict of May of the same year (see ante, _Currency_). The issue of the edict was attributed to the influence with the regent of Prince Tsai-tao, who had recently returned from a tour in Europe, where he had specially studied questions of national defence. The changes made among the high officials tended greatly to strengthen the central administration. The government had viewed with some disquiet the Russo-Japanese agreement of the 4th of July concerning Manchuria (which was generally interpreted as in fact lessening the authority of China in that country); it had become involved in another dispute with Great Britain, which regarded some of the measures taken to suppress opium smoking as a violation of the terms of the Chifu convention, and its action in Tibet had caused alarm in India. Thus the appointment to high office of men of enlightenment, pledged to a reform policy, was calculated to restore confidence in the policy of the Peking authorities. This confidence would have been greater had not the changes indicated a struggle for supreme power between the regent and the dowager empress Lung Yu, widow of Kwang-su. Entry: 1
_The Model Emperors._--Most of the stories regarding the "Three Emperors" are told in comparatively late records. The _Shu-king_, sometimes described as the "Canon of History," our oldest source of pre-Confucian history, supposed to have been edited by Confucius himself, knows nothing of Fu-hi, Shön-nung and Huang-ti; but it begins by extolling the virtues of the emperor _Yau_ and his successor _Shun_. Yau and Shun are probably the most popular names in Chinese history as taught in China. Whatever good qualities may be imagined of the rulers of a great nation have been heaped upon their heads; and the example of their lives has at all times been held up by Confucianists as the height of perfection in a sovereign's character. Yau, whose reign has been placed by the fictitious standard chronology of the Chinese in the years 2357-2258, and about 200 years later by the less extravagant "Annals of the Bamboo Books," is represented as the patron of certain astronomers who had to watch the heavenly bodies; and much has been written about the reputed astronomical knowledge of the Chinese in this remote period. Names like Deguignes, Gaubil, Biot and Schlegel are among those of the investigators. On the other side are the sceptics, who maintain that later editors interpolated statements which could have been made only with the astronomical knowledge possessed by their own contemporaries. According to an old legend, Shun banished "the four wicked ones" to distant territories. One of these bore the name _T'au-t'ié_, i.e. "Glutton"; called also San-miau. _T'au-t'ié_ is also the name of an ornament, very common on the surface of the most ancient bronze vessels, showing the distorted face of some ravenous animal. The San-miau as a tribe are said to have been the forefathers of the Tangutans, the Tibetans and the Miau-tz'ï in the south-west of China. This legend may be interpreted as indicating that the non-Chinese races in the south-west have come to their present seats by migration from Central China in remote antiquity. During Yau's reign a catastrophe reminding one of the biblical deluge threatened the Chinese world. The emperor held his minister of works, Kun, responsible for this misfortune, probably an inundation of the Yellow river such as has been witnessed by the present generation. Its horrors are described with poetical exaggeration in the _Shu-king_. When the efforts to stop the floods had proved futile for nine years, Yau wished to abdicate, and he selected a virtuous young man of the name of Shun as his successor. Among the legends told about this second model emperor is the story that he had a board before his palace on which every subject was permitted to note whatever faults he had to find with his government, and that by means of a drum suspended at his palace gate attention might be drawn to any complaint that was to be made to him. Since Kun had not succeeded in stopping the floods, he was dismissed and his son Yü was appointed in his stead. Probably the waters began to subside of their own accord, but Yü has been praised up as the national hero who, by his engineering works, saved his people from utter destruction. His labours in this direction are described in a special section of the Confucian account known as _Yü-kung_, i.e. "Tribute of Yü." Yü's merit has in the sequel been exaggerated so as to credit him with more than human powers. He is supposed to have cut canals through the hills, in order to furnish outlets to the floods, and to have performed feats of engineering compared to which, according to Von Richthofen, the construction of the St Gotthard tunnel without blasting materials would be child's play, and all this within a few years. Entry: B
_Chóu Dynasty._--Wu-wang, the first emperor of the new dynasty, named after his duchy of Chóu on the western frontier, was greatly assisted in consolidating the empire by his brother, Chóu-kung, i.e. "Duke of Chóu." As the loyal prime-minister of Wu-wang and his successor the duke of Chóu laid the foundation of the government institutions of the dynasty, which became the prototype of most of the characteristic features in Chinese public and social life down to recent times. The brothers and adherents of the new sovereign were rewarded with fiefs which in the sequel grew into as many states. China thus developed into a confederation, resembling that of the German empire, inasmuch as a number of independent states, each having its own sovereign, were united under one liege lord, the emperor, styled "The Son of Heaven," who as high priest of the nation reigned in the name of Heaven. The emperor represented the nation in sacrificing and praying to God. His relations with his vassals and government officials, and those of the heads of the vassal states with their subjects as well as of the people among themselves were regulated by the most rigid ceremonial. The dress to be worn, the speeches to be made, and the postures to be assumed on all possible occasions, whether at court or in private life, were subject to regulations. The duke of Chóu, or whoever may have been the creator of this system, showed deep wisdom in his speculations, if he based that immutability of government which in the sequel became a Chinese characteristic, on the physical and moral immutability of individuals by depriving them of all spontaneous action in public and private life. Originally and nominally the emperor's power as the ruler over his vassals, who again ruled in his name, was unquestionable; and the first few generations of the dynasty saw no decline of the original strength of central power. A certain loyalty based on the traditional ancestral worship counteracted the desire to revolt. The rightful heir to the throne was responsible to his ancestors as his subjects were to theirs. "We have to do as our ancestors did," the people argued; "and since they obeyed the ancestors of our present sovereign, we have to be loyal to him." Interference with this time-honoured belief would have amounted to a rupture, as it were, in the nation's religious relations, and as long as the people looked upon the emperor as the Son of Heaven, his moral power would outweigh strong armies sent against him in rebellion. The time came soon enough when central power depended merely on this spontaneous loyalty. Entry: B
KULJA (Chinese, _Ili-ho_), a territory in north-west China; bounded, according to the treaty of St Petersburg of 1881, on the W. by the Semiryechensk province of Russian Turkestan, on the N. by the Boro-khoro Mountains, and on the S. by the mountains Khan-tengri, Muz-art, Terskei, Eshik-bashi and Narat. It comprises the valleys of the Tekez (middle and lower portion), Kunghez, the Ili as far as the Russian frontier and its tributary, the Kash, with the slopes of the mountains turned towards these rivers. Its area occupies about 19,000 sq. m. (Grum-Grzimailo). The valley of the Kash is about 160 m. long, and is cultivated in its lower parts, while the Boro-khoro Mountains are snow-clad in their eastern portion, and fall with very steep slopes to the valley. The Avral Mountains, which separate the Kash from the Kunghez, are lower, but rocky, naked and difficult of access. The valley of the Kunghez is about 120 m. long; the river flows first in a gorge, then amidst thickets of rushes, and very small portions of its valley are fit for cultivation. The Narat Mountains in the south are also very wild, but are covered with forests of deciduous trees (apple tree, apricot tree, birch, poplar, &c.) and pine trees. The Tekez flows in the mountains, and pierces narrow gorges. The mountains which separate it from the Kunghez are also snow-clad, while those to the south of it reach 24,000 ft. of altitude in Khan-tengri, and are covered with snow and glaciers--the only pass through them being the Muzart. Forests and alpine meadows cover their northern slopes. Agriculture was formerly developed on the Tekez, as is testified by old irrigation canals. The Ili is formed by the junction of the Kunghez with the Tekez, and for 120 m. it flows through Kulja, its valley reaching a width of 50 m. at Horgos-koljat. This valley is famed for its fertility, and is admirably irrigated by canals, part of which, however, fell into decay after 55,000 of the inhabitants migrated to Russian territory in 1881. The climate of this part of the valley is, of course, continental--frosts of -22° F. and heats of 170° F. being experienced--but snow lasts only for one and a half months, and the summer heat is tempered by the proximity of the high mountains. Apricots, peaches, pears and some vines are grown, as also some cotton-trees near the town of Kulja, where the average yearly temperature is 48°.5 F. (January 15°, July 77°). Barley is grown up to an altitude of 6500 ft. Entry: KULJA
1. _Wai-wu Pu_.--This was established in 1901 in succession to the _Tsung-li Yamên_,[33] which was created in 1861 after the Anglo-Chinese War in 1860 as a board for foreign affairs. Previous to that war, which established the right of foreign powers to have their representatives in Peking, all business with Western nations was transacted by provincial authorities, chiefly the viceroy at Canton. The only department at Peking which dealt specially with foreign affairs was the _Li Fan Yuen_, or board of control for the dependencies, which regulated the affairs of Mongolia, Tibet and the tributary states generally. With the advent of formally accredited ambassadors from the European powers something more than this was required, and a special board was appointed to discuss all questions with the foreign envoys. The number was originally four, with Prince Kung, a brother of the emperor Hien Fêng, at their head. It was subsequently raised to ten, another prince of the blood, Prince Ching, becoming president. The members were spoken of collectively as the prince and ministers. For a long time the board had no real power, and was looked on rather as a buffer between the foreign envoys and the real government. The importance of foreign affairs, however, especially since the Japanese War, identified the _Yamên_ more with the grand council, several of the most prominent men being members of both. At the same time that the _Tsung-li Yamên_ was created, two important offices were established in the provinces for dealing with foreign commercial questions, viz. the superintendencies of trade for the northern and southern ports. The negotiations connected with the Boxer outbreak proved so conclusively that the machinery to the _Tsung-li Yamên_ was of too antiquated a nature to serve the new requirements, that it was determined to abolish the _Yamên_ and to substitute for it a board (_Pu_) to be styled the _Wai-wu Pu_, or "board of foreign affairs." Entry: 1
KARLSKRONA [CARLSCRONA,] a seaport of Sweden, on the Baltic coast, chief town of the district (_län_) of Blekinge, and headquarters of the Swedish navy. Pop. (1900), 23,955. It is pleasantly situated upon islands and the mainland, 290 m. S.S.W. of Stockholm by rail. The harbour is capacious and secure, with a sufficient depth of water for the largest vessels. It has three entrances; the principal, and the only one practicable for large vessels, is to the south of the town, and is defended by two strong forts, at Drottningskär on the island of Aspö, and on the islet of Kungsholm. The dry docks, of great extent, are cut out of the solid granite. There is slip-accommodation for large vessels. Karlskrona is the seat of the Royal Naval Society, and has a navy-arsenal and hospital, and naval and other schools. Charles XI., the founder of the town as naval headquarters (1680), is commemorated by a bronze statue (1897). There are factories for naval equipments, galvanized metal goods, felt hats, canvas, leather and rice, and breweries and granite quarries. Exports are granite and timber; imports, coal, flour, provisions, hides and machinery. Entry: KARLSKRONA
All that Ch'ien tells us about Lâo-tsze goes into small compass. His surname was Lî, and his name Urh. He was a native of the state of Ch'û, and was born in a hamlet not far from the present prefectural city of Kwei-te in Ho-nan province. He was one of the recorders or historiographers at the court of Chow, his special department being the charge of the whole or a portion of the royal library. He must thus have been able to make himself acquainted with the history of his country. Ch'ien does not mention the year of his birth, which is often said, though on what Chinese authority does not appear, to have taken place in the third year of King Phing, corresponding to 604 B.C. That date cannot be far from the truth. That he was contemporary with Confucius is established by the concurrent testimony of the _Lî Kî_ and the _Kiâ Yü_ on the Confucian side, and of Chwang-tsze and Sze-ma Ch'ien on the Tâoist. The two men whose influence has been so great on all the subsequent generations of the Chinese people--Kung-tsze (Confucius) and Lâo-tsze--had at least one interview, in 517 B.C., when the former was in his thirty-fifth year. The conversation between them was interesting. Lâo was in a mocking mood; Kung appears to the greater advantage. If it be true that Confucius, when he was fifty-one years old, visited Lâo-tsze as Chwang-tsze says (in the _Thien Yun_, the fourteenth of his treatises), to ask about the _Tâo_, they must have had more than one interview. Dr Chalmers, however, has pointed out that both Chwang-tsze and Lieh-tsze (a still earlier Tâoist writer) produce Confucius in their writings, as the lords of the Philistines did the captive Samson on their festive occasions, "to make sport for them." Their testimony is valueless as to any matter of fact. There may have been several meetings between the two in 517 B.C., but we have no evidence that they were together in the same place after that time. Ch'ien adds:--"Lâo-tsze cultivated the _Tâo_ and virtue, his chief aim in his studies being how to keep himself concealed and unknown. He resided at (the capital of) Chow; but after a long time, seeing the decay of the dynasty, he left it, and went away to the Gate (leading from the royal domain into the regions beyond--at the entrance of the pass of Han-kû, in the north-west of Ho-nan). Yin Hsî, the warden of the Gate, said to him, 'You are about to withdraw yourself out of sight; I pray you to compose for me a book (before you go).' On this Lâo-tsze made a writing, setting forth his views on the _tâo_ and virtue, in two sections, containing more than 5000 characters. He then went away, and it is not known where he died." The historian then mentions the names of two other men whom some regarded as the true Lâo-tsze. One of them was a Lâo Lâi, a contemporary of Confucius, who wrote fifteen treatises (or sections) on the practices of the school of _Tâo_. Subjoined to the notice of him is the remark that Lâo-tsze was more than one hundred and sixty years old, or, as some say, more than two hundred, because by the cultivation of the _Tâo_ he nourished his longevity. The other was "a grand historiographer" of Chow, called Tan, one hundred and twenty-nine (? one hundred and nineteen) years after the death of Confucius. The introduction of these disjointed notices detracts from the verisimilitude of the whole narrative in which they occur. Entry: LÂO
KITE-FLYING KOSTER, LAURENS KIT-FOX KOSTROMA (government of Russia) KITTO, JOHN KOSTROMA (town of Russia) KITTUR KÖSZEG KITZINGEN KOTAH KIU-KIANG FU KOTAS KIUSTENDIL KOTKA KIVU KOTRI KIWI KOTZEBUE, AUGUST FRIEDRICH VON KIZILBASHES KOTZEBUE, OTTO VON KIZIL IRMAK KOUMISS KIZLYAR KOUMOUNDOUROS, ALEXANDROS KIZYL-KUM KOUSSO KJERULF, HALFDAN KOVALEVSKY, SOPHIE KJERULF, THEODOR KOVNO (government of Russia) KLADNO KOVNO (town of Russia) KLAFSKY, KATHARINA KOVROV KLAGENFURT KOWTOW KLAJ, JOHANN KOZLOV KLAMATH KRAAL KLAPKA, GEORG KRAFFT, ADAM KLAPROTH, HEINRICH JULIUS KRAGUYEVATS KLAPROTH, MARTIN HEINRICH KRAKATOA KLÉBER, JEAN BAPTISTE KRAKEN KLEIN, JULIUS LEOPOLD KRALYEVO KLEIST, BERND HEINRICH VON KRANTZ, ALBERT KLEIST, EWALD CHRISTIAN VON KRASNOVODSK KLERKSDORP KRASNOYARSK KLESL, MELCHIOR KRASZEWSKI, JOSEPH IGNATIUS KLINGER, FRIEDRICH VON KRAUSE, KARL CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH KLINGER, MAX KRAWANG KLIPSPRINGER KRAY VON KRAJOVA, PAUL KLONDIKE KREMENCHUG KLOPP, ONNO KREMENETS KLOPSTOCK, GOTTLIEB FRIEDRICH KREMS KLOSTERNEUBURG KREMSIER KLOTZ, REINHOLD KREUTZER, KONRADIN KNARESBOROUGH KREUTZER, RUDOLPH KNAVE KREUZBURG KNEBEL, KARL LUDWIG VON KREUZNACH KNEE KRIEGSPIEL KNELLER, SIR GODFREY KRIEMHILD KNICKERBOCKER, HARMEN JANSEN KRILOFF, IVAN ANDREEVICH KNIFE KRISHNA KNIGGE, ADOLF FRANZ FRIEDRICH KRISHNAGAR KNIGHT, CHARLES KRISTIANSTAD KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY KRIVOY ROG KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON KROCHMAL, NAHMAN KNIGHTHOOD and CHIVALRY KRONENBERG KNIGHT-SERVICE KRONSTADT KNIGHTS OF THE GOLDEN CIRCLE KROONSTAD KNIPPERDOLLINCK, BERNT KROPOTKIN, PETER ALEXEIVICH KNITTING KROTOSCHIN KNOBKERRIE KRÜDENER, BARBARA JULIANA KNOLLES, RICHARD KRUG, WILHELM TRAUGOTT KNOLLES, SIR ROBERT KRUGER, STEPHANUS JOHANNES PAULUS KNOLLYS KRUGERSDORP KNOT (bird) KRUMAU KNOT (loop of rope) KRUMBACHER, CARL KNOUT KRUMEN KNOWLES, SIR JAMES KRUMMACHER, FRIEDRICH ADOLF KNOWLES, JAMES SHERIDAN KRUPP, ALFRED KNOW NOTHING PARTY KRUSENSTERN, ADAM IVAN KNOX, HENRY KRUSHEVATS KNOX, JOHN KSHATTRIYA KNOX, PHILANDER CHASE KUBAN (river of Russia) KNOXVILLE KUBAÑ (province of Russia) KNUCKLE KUBELIK, JAN KNUCKLEBONES KUBERA KNUTSFORD KUBLAI KHAN KOALA KUBUS KOBDO KUCHAN KOBELL, WOLFGANG XAVER FRANZ KUCH BEHAR KOCH, ROBERT KUDU KOCH (tribe) KUENEN, ABRAHAM KOCK, CHARLES PAUL DE KUEN-LUN KODAIKANAL KUFA KODAMA, GENTARO KUHN, FRANZ FELIX ADALBERT KODUNGALUR KÜHNE, WILLY KOENIG, KARL DIETRICH EBERHARD KUKA KOESFELD KU KLUX KLAN KOHAT KUKU KHOTO KOHAT PASS KULJA KOHISTAN KULM KOHL KULMBACH KOHLHASE, HANS KULMSEE KOKOMO KULP KOKO-NOR KULU KOKSHAROV, NIKOLAÍ VON KUM KOKSTAD KUMAIT IBN ZAID KOLA KUMAON KOLABA KUMASI KOLAR KUMISHAH KOLBE, ADOLPHE WILHELM HERMANN KUMQUAT KOLBERG KUMTA KÖLCSEY, FERENCZ KUMYKS KOLDING KUNAR KOLGUEV KUNBIS KOLHAPUR KUNDT, AUGUST ADOLPH EDUARD EBERHARD KOLIN KUNDUZ KOLIS KUNENE KÖLLIKER, RUDOLPH ALBERT VON KUNERSDORF KOLLONTAJ, HUGO KUNGRAD KOLOMEA KUNGUR KOLOMNA KUNKEL VON LOWENSTJERN, JOHANN KOLOZSVÁR KUNLONG KOLPINO KUNZITE KOLS KUOPIO (province of Finland) KOLYVAÑ KUOPIO (city of Finland) KOMÁROM KUPRILI KOMATI KURAKIN, BORIS IVANOVICH KOMOTAU KURBASH KOMURA, JUTARO KURDISTAN (country) KONARAK KURDISTAN (province of Persia) KONG KURGAN KONGSBERG KURIA MURIA ISLANDS KONIA KURILES KONIECPOLSKI, STANISLAUS KURISCHES HAFF KÖNIG, KARL RUDOLPH KURNOOL KÖNIGGRÄTZ KUROKI, ITEI KÖNIGINHOF KUROPATKIN, ALEXEI NIKOLAIEVICH KÖNIGSBERG KURO SIWO KÖNIGSBORN KURRAM KÖNIGSHÜTTE KURSEONG KÖNIGSLUTTER KURSK (government of Russia) KÖNIGSMARK, MARIA AURORA KURSK (town of Russia) KÖNIGSMARK, PHILIPP CHRISTOPH KURTZ, JOHANN HEINRICH KÖNIGSSEE KURUMAN KÖNIGSTEIN KURUMBAS and KURUBAS KÖNIGSWINTER KURUNEGALA KONINCK, LAURENT GUILLAUME DE KURUNTWAD KONINCK, PHILIP DE KURZ, HERMANN KONITZ KUSAN KONKAN KUSHALGARH KONTAGORA KUSHK KOORINGA KUSTANAISK KÖPENICK KÜSTENLAND KOPISCH, AUGUST KUTAIAH KOPP, HERMANN FRANZ MORITZ KUTAIS (government of Russia) KOPRÜLÜ KUTAIS (town of Russia) KORA KUT-EL-AMARA KORAN KUTENAI KORAT KUTTALAM KORDOFAN KUTTENBERG KOREA (country) KUTUSOV, MIKHAIL LARIONOVICH KOREA (Indian tributary state) KUWET KORESHAN ECCLESIA, THE KUZNETSK KORIN, OGATA KVASS KORKUS KWAKIUTL KÖRMÖCZBÁNYA KWANGCHOW BAY KÖRNER, KARL THEODOR KWANG-SI KORNEUBURG KWANG-TUNG KOROCHA KWANZA KORSÖR KWEI-CHOW KORTCHA KYAUKPYU KORYAKS KYAUKSE KOSCIUSCO KYD, THOMAS KOSCIUSZKO, TADEUSZ BONAWENTURA KYFFHÄUSER KÖSEN KYNASTON, EDWARD KOSHER KYNETON KÖSLIN KYOSAI, SHO-FU KOSSOVO KYRIE KOSSUTH, FERENCZ LAJOS AKOS KYRLE, JOHN KOSSUTH, LAJOS KYSHTYM Entry: KITE