DUNNOTTAR CASTLE, a ruined stronghold, on the east coast of Kincardineshire, Scotland, about 2 m. S. of Stonehaven. It stands on a rock 160 ft. high, with a summit area of 4 acres, and surrounded on three sides by the sea. It is accessible from the land by a winding path leading across a deep chasm, to the outer gate in a wall of enormous thickness. It is supposed that a fortress stood here since perhaps the 7th century, but the existing castle dates from 1392, when it was begun by Sir William Keith (d. 1407), great marischal of Scotland. The keep and chapel are believed to be the oldest structures, most of the other buildings being two centuries later. It was the residence of the earls marischal and was regarded as impregnable. Here the seventh earl entertained Charles II. before the battle of Worcester. When Cromwell became Protector, the Scottish regalia were lodged in the castle for greater security, and, in 1651, when the Commonwealth soldiers laid successful siege to it, they were saved by a woman's wit. Mrs Granger, wife of the minister of Kinneff, a parish about 6 m. to the S., was allowed to visit the wife of the governor, Ogilvy of Barras, and when she rode out she was spinning lint on a distaff. The crown was concealed in her lap, and the distaff consisted of the sword and sceptre. The regalia were hidden beneath the flagstones in the parish church, whence they were recovered at the Restoration. In 1685 the castle was converted into a Covenanters' prison, no fewer than 167 being confined in a dungeon, called therefrom the Whigs' Vault. On the attainder of George, tenth and last marischal, for his share in the earl of Mar's rising in 1715 the castle was dismantled (1720). Entry: DUNNOTTAR
40. _Montrose's Last Victories._--David Leslie did not pursue him. Montrose, though the king did not yet know it, had won two more battles, and was practically master of all Scotland. After Auldearn he had turned to meet Baillie's army in Strathspey, and by superior mobility and skill forced that commander to keep at a respectful distance. He then turned upon a new army which Lindsay, titular earl of Crawford, was forming in Forfarshire, but that commander betook himself to a safe distance, and Montrose withdrew into the Highlands to find recruits (June). The victors of Auldearn had mostly dispersed on the usual errand, and he was now deserted by most of the Gordons, who were recalled by the chief of their clan, the marquess of Huntly, in spite of the indignant remonstrances of Huntly's heir, Lord Gordon, who was Montrose's warmest admirer. Baillie now approached again, but he was weakened by having to find trained troops to stiffen Lindsay's levies, and a strong force of the Gordons had now been persuaded to rejoin Montrose. The two armies met in battle near Alford on the Don; little can be said of the engagement save that Montrose had to fight cautiously and tentatively as at Aberdeen, not in the decision-forcing spirit of Auldearn, and that in the end Baillie's cavalry gave way and his infantry was cut down as it stood. Lord Gordon was amongst the Royalist dead (July 2). The plunder was put away in the glens before any attempt was made to go forward, and thus the Covenanters had leisure to form a numerous, if not very coherent, army on the nucleus of Lindsay's troops. Baillie, much against his will, was continued in the command, with a council of war (chiefly of nobles whom Montrose had already defeated, such as Argyll, Elcho and Balfour) to direct his every movement. Montrose, when rejoined by the Highlanders, moved to meet him, and in the last week of July and the early part of August there were manoeuvres and minor engagements round Perth. About the 7th of August Montrose suddenly slipped away into the Lowlands, heading for Glasgow. Thereupon another Covenanting army began to assemble in Clydesdale. But it was clear that Montrose could beat mere levies, and Baillie, though without authority and despairing of success, hurried after him. Montrose then, having drawn Baillie's Fifeshire militia far enough from home to ensure their being discontented, turned upon them on the 14th of August near Kilsyth. Baillie protested against fighting, but his aristocratic masters of the council of war decided to cut off Montrose from the hills by turning his left wing. The Royalist general seized the opportunity, and his advance caught them in the very act of making a flank march (August 15). The head of the Covenanters' column was met and stopped by the furious attack of the Gordon infantry, and Alastair Macdonald led the men of his own name and the Macleans against its flank. A breach was made in the centre of Baillie's army at the first rush, and then Montrose sent in the Gordon and Ogilvy horse. The leading half of the column was surrounded, broken up and annihilated. The rear half, seeing the fate of its comrades, took to flight, but in vain, for the Highlanders pursued _à outrance_. Only about one hundred Covenanting infantry out of six thousand escaped. Montrose was now indeed the king's lieutenant in all Scotland. Entry: 40
_Charitable Institutions._--One of the most conspicuous buildings in the city, occupying a prominent position in the centre, is the Royal Infirmary, a fine structure in the Tudor style. On the southern face of Balgay Hill stands the Royal Victoria hospital for incurables, opened in 1889. In addition to the maternity hospital and nurses' home, there are several institutions devoted to special afflictions and diseases--among them the Blind and the Deaf and Dumb institutions, the Royal asylum, the fever hospital at King's Cross, and, in the parish of Mains--beyond the municipal boundary--the Baldovan asylum for imbeciles, founded in 1854 by Sir John Ogilvy and said to be the earliest of its kind in Scotland, besides the smallpox and cholera hospital. The large Dundee hospital adjoins the poorhouse, and an epidemic hospital has been built in the Fair Muir district. One of the convalescent homes is situated at Broughty Ferry. Among other institutions are the Royal Orphan and the Wellburn Charitable institutions, the rescue home for females, the sailors' home and Lady Jane Ogilvy's orphanage in Mains. Entry: DUNDEE
Dundee returned to Scotland in anticipation of the meeting of the convention, and at once exerted himself to confirm the waning resolution of the duke of Gordon with regard to holding Edinburgh Castle for the king. The convention proving hostile (March 16th, 1688), he conceived the idea of forming another convention at Stirling to sit in the name of James II., but the hesitancy of his associates rendered the design futile, and it was given up. Previous to this, on the 18th of March, he had left Edinburgh at the head of a company of fifty dragoons, who were strongly attached to his person. He was not long gone ere the news was brought to the alarmed convention that he had been seen clambering up the castle rock and holding conference with the duke of Gordon. In excitement and confusion order after order was despatched in reference to the fugitive. Dundee retired to Dudhope. On the 30th of March he was publicly denounced as a traitor, and in the latter half of April attempts were made to secure him at Dudhope, and at his residence in Glen Ogilvy. But the secrecy and speed of his movements outwitted his pursuers, and he retreated to the north. Entry: DUNDEE
GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY.--For Physical Geography: Barton, _Australian Physiography_ (Brisbane, 1895); Wall, _Physical Geography of Australia_ (Melbourne, 1883); Taylor, _Geography of New South Wales_ (Sydney, 1898); Saville Kent, _The Great Barrier Reef of Australia_ (London, 1893); A. Agassiz, _Visit to the Barrier Reef_ (Cambridge, Mass., 1899); J.P. Thomson, _The Physical Geography of Australia_ (Smithsonian Report, Washington, 1898); J.W. Gregory, _The Dead Heart of Australia_. For Flora: Maiden, _Useful Native Plants of Australia_ (Sydney, 1889); Bentham and Mueller, _Flora Australiensis_ (London, 1863-1878); Fitzgerald, _Australian Orchids_ (Sydney, 1870-1890); Mueller, _Census of Australian Plants_ (Melbourne, 1889). For Fauna: Forbes, "The Chatham Islands; their Relation to a former Southern Continent," _Geographical Journal_, vol. ii. (1893); Hedley, "Surviving Refugees in Austral Lands of Ancient Antarctic Life," _Royal Society N.S. Wales_, 1895; "The Relation of the Fauna and Flora of Australia to those of New Zealand," _Nat. Science_ (1893); Tenison-Woods, _The Fish and Fisheries of New South Wales_ (Sydney, 1883); Ogilvy, _Catalogue of Australian Mammals_ (Sydney, 1892); Aflalo, _Natural History of Australia_ (London, 1896); Flower and Lydekker, _Mammals, Living and Extinct_ (London, 1891); J. Douglas Ogilby, _Catalogue of the Fishes of New South Wales_, 4to (Sydney, 1886). For Statistics and Miscellanea: T.A. Coghlan, _A Statistical Account of the Seven Colonies of Australasia_, 8vo (Sydney, 1904); G. Collingridge, _The Discovery of Australia_ (Sydney, 1895); W. Epps, _The Land Systems of Australia_, 8vo (London, 1894); Ernest Favenc, _The History of Australasian Exploration_, royal 8vo (Sydney, 1885); R.R. Garraa, _The Coming Commonwealth: a Handbook of Federal Government_ (Sydney, 1897); George William Rusden, _History of Australia_, 3 vols. 8vo (London, 1883); K. Schmeisser, _The Goldfields of Australasia_, 2 vols. (London, 1899); G.F. Scott, _The Romance of Australian Exploring_ (London, 1899); H. de R. Walker, _Australasian Democracy_ (London, 1897); William Westgarth, _Half a Century of Australian Progress_ (London, 1899); T.A. Coghlan and T.T. Ewing, _Progress of Australia in the 19th Century_; G.P. Tregarthen, _Commonwealth of Australia_; Ida Lee, _Early Days of Australia_; W.P. Reeves, _State Experiments in Australia and New Zealand_; A. Metin, _La Socialisme sans doctrine_. Entry: GENERAL
BARRIE, JAMES MATTHEW (1860- ), British novelist and dramatist, was born at Kirriemuir, a small village in Forfarshire, on the 9th of May 1860. He was educated at the Dumfries academy and Edinburgh University. He has told us in his quasi-autobiographical _Margaret Ogilvy_ that he wrote tales in the garret before he went to school, and at Edinburgh wrote the greater part of a three-volume novel, which a publisher presumed was the work of a clever lady and offered to publish for £100. The offer was not accepted, and it was through journalism that he found his way to literature. After a short period of waiting in Edinburgh, he became leader-writer on the _Nottingham Journal_ in February 1883. To this paper he contributed also special articles and notes, which provided an opening and training for his personal talent. He soon began to submit articles to London editors, and on the 17th of November 1884 Mr Frederick Greenwood printed in the _St James's Gazette_ his article on "An Auld Licht Community." With the encouragement of this able editor, more Auld Licht "Idylls" followed; and in 1885 Mr Barrie moved to London. He continued to write for the _St James's Gazette_ and for _Home Chimes_ (edited by Mr F. W. Robinson). He was soon enlisted by Mr Alexander Riach for the _Edinburgh Evening Dispatch_, which in turn led to his writing (over the signature "Gavin Ogilvy ") for Dr Robertson Nicoll's _British Weekly_. Later he became a contributor to the _Scots_ (afterwards _National_) _Observer_, edited by W. E. Henley, and also to the _Speaker_, upon its foundation in 1890. In 1887 he published his first book, _Better Dead_. It was a mere _jeu d'esprit_, a specimen of his humorous journalism, elaborated from the _St James's Gazette_. This was followed in 1888 by _Auld Licht Idylls_, a collection of the Scots village sketches written for the same paper. They portrayed the life and humours of his native village, idealized as "Thrums," and were the fruits of early observation and of his mother's tales. "She told me everything," Mr Barrie has written, "and so my memories of our little red town were coloured by her memories." Kirriemuir itself was not wholly satisfied with the portrait, but "Thrums" took its place securely on the literary map of the world. In the same year he published _An Edinburgh Eleven_, sketches from the _British Weekly_ of eminent Edinburgh students; also his first long story, _When a Man's Single_, a humorous transcription of his experiences as journalist, particularly in the Nottingham office. The book was introduced by what was in fact another Thrums "Idyll," on a higher level than the rest of the book. In 1889 came _A Window in Thrums_. This beautiful book, and the _Idylls_, gave the full measure of Mr Barrie's gifts of humanity, humour and pathos, with abundant evidence of the whimsical turn of his wit, and of his original and vernacular style. In 1891 he made a collection of his lighter papers from the _St James's Gazette_ and published them as _My Lady Nicotine_. In 1891 appeared his first long novel, _The Little Minister_, which had been first published serially in _Good Words_. It introduced, not with unmixed success, extraneous elements, including the winsome heroine Babbie, into the familiar life of Thrums, but proved the author's possession of a considerable gift of romance. In 1894 he published _Margaret Ogilvy_, based on the life of his mother and his own relations with her, most tenderly conceived and beautifully written, though too intimate for the taste of many. The book is full of revelations of great interest to admirers of Mr Barrie's genius. The following year came _Sentimental Tommy_, a story tracing curiously the psychological development of the "artistic temperament" in a Scots lad of the people. R. L. Stevenson supposed himself to be portrayed in the hero, but it may be safely assumed that the author derived his material largely from introspection. The story was completed by a sequel, _Tommy and Grizel_, published in 1900. The effect of this story was somewhat marred by the comparative failure of the scenes in society remote from Thrums. In 1902 he published _The Little White Bird_, a pretty fantasy, wherein he gave full play to his whimsical invention, and his tenderness for child life, which is relieved by the genius of sincerity from a suspicion of mawkishness. This book contained the episode of "Peter Pan," which afterwards suggested the play of that name. In the meantime Mr Barrie had been developing his talent as a dramatist. In 1892 Mr Toole had made a great success at his own theatre of Barrie's _Walker, London_, a farce founded on a sketch in _When a Man's Single_. In 1893 Mr Barrie married Miss Ansell (divorced in 1909), who had acted in _Walker, London_. In this year he wrote, with Sir A. Conan Doyle, a play called _Jane Annie_. He found more success, however, in _The Professor's Love-Story_ in 1895; and in 1897 the popularity of his dramatized version of _The Little Minister_ probably confirmed him in a predilection for drama, evident already in some of his first sketches in the _Nottingham Journal_. In 1900 Mr Bourchier produced _The Wedding Guest_, which was printed as a supplement to the _Fortnightly Review_ in December of the same year. After the publication of _The Little White Bird_, Mr Barrie burst upon the town as a popular and prolific playwright. The struggling journalist of the early 'nineties had now become one of the most prosperous literary men of the day. In 1903 no fewer than three plays from his hand held the stage--_Quality Street_, _The Admirable [v.03 p.0436] Crichton_ and _Little Mary_. The year 1904 produced _Peter Pan_, a kind of poetical pantomime, in which the author found scope for some of his most characteristic and permanently delightful gifts. In 1905 _Alice-Sit-by-the-Fire_ and in 1908 _What Every Woman Knows_ were added to the list. As dramatist Mr Barrie brought, to a sphere rather ridden by convention, a method wholly unconventional and a singularly fresh fancy, seasoned by a shrewd touch of satirical humour; and in _Peter Pan_ he proved himself a Hans Andersen of the stage. In literature, the success of "Thrums" produced a crop of imitations, christened in derision by W. E. Henley the "Kailyard School," though the imitations were by no means confined to Scotland. In this school the _Auld Licht Idylls_ and _A Window in Thrums_ remained unsurpassed and unapproached. The Scots village tale was no novelty in literature--witness John Gait, the _Chronicles of Carlingford_ and George MacDonald. Yet Mr Barrie, in spite of a dialect not easy to the Southron, contrived to touch a more intimate and more responsive chord. With the simplest materials he achieved an almost unendurable pathos, which yet is never forced; and the pathos is salted with humour, while about the moving homeliness of his humanity play the gleams of a whimsical wit. Stevenson, in a letter to Mr Henry James, in December 1892, said justly of Barrie that "there was genius in him, but there was a journalist on his elbow." This genius found its most perfect and characteristic expression in the humanity of "Thrums" and the bizarre and tender fantasy of _Peter Pan_. Entry: BARRIE