Little is known of the history of the town. It suffered greatly from a siege in the Mithradatic war, but soon recovered its prosperity under the Roman empire. The Zeus of Laodicea, with the curious epithet Azeus or Azeis, is a frequent symbol on the city coins. He is represented standing, holding in the extended right hand an eagle, in the left a spear, the _hasta pura_. Not far from the city was the temple of Men Karou, with a great medical school; while Laodicea itself produced some famous Sceptic philosophers, and gave origin to the royal family of Polemon and Zenon, whose curious history has been illustrated in recent times (W. H. Waddington, _Mélanges de Numism._ ser. ii.; Th. Mommsen, _Ephem. Epigraph._ i. and ii.; M. G. Rayet, _Milet et le Golfe Latmique_, chap. v.). The city fell finally into decay in the frontier wars with the Turkish invaders. Its ruins are of wide extent, but not of great beauty or interest; there is no doubt, however, that much has been buried beneath the surface by the frequent earthquakes to which the district is exposed (Strabo 580; Tac. _Ann._ xiv. 27). Entry: LAODICEA
FÜLLEBORN, GEORG GUSTAV (1769-1803), German philosopher, philologist and miscellaneous writer, was born at Glogau, Silesia, on the 2nd of March 1769, and died at Breslau on the 6th of February 1803. He was educated at the University of Halle, and was made doctor of philosophy in recognition of his thesis _De Xenophane, Zenone et Gorgia_. He took diaconal orders in 1791, but almost immediately became professor of classics at Breslau. His philosophical works include annotations to Garve's translation of the _Politics_ of Aristotle (1799-1800), and a large share in the _Beiträge zur Geschichte der Philosophie_ (published in twelve parts between 1791 and 1799), in which he collaborated with Forberg, Reinhold and Niethammer. In philology he wrote _Encyclopaedia philologica sive primae lineae Isagoges in antiquorum studia_ (1798; 2nd ed., 1805); _Kurze Theorie des lateinischen Stils_ (1793); _Leitfaden der Rhetorik_ (1802); and an annotated edition of the _Satires_ of Persius. Under the pseudonym "Edelwald Justus" he published several collections of popular tales--_Bunte Blätter_ (1795); _Kleine Schriften zur Unterhaltung_ (1798); _Nebenstunden_ (1799). After his death were published _Taschenbuch für Brunnengäste_ (1806) and _Kanzelreden_ (1807). He was a frequent contributor to the press, where his writings were very popular. Entry: FÜLLEBORN
The campanili of S. Zenone, Verona, and the cathedrals of Siena and Prato, differ from those already mentioned in that they owe their decoration to the alternating courses of black and white marble. Of this type by far the most remarkable so far as its marble decoration is concerned is Giotto's campanile at Florence, built in 1334. It measures 275 ft. high, 45 ft. square, and is encased in black, white and red marble, with occasional sculptured ornament. The angles are emphasized by octagonal projections, the panelling of which seems to have ruled that of the whole structure. There are five storeys, of which the three upper ones are pierced with windows; twin arcades side by side in the two lower, and a lofty triplet window with tracery in the belfry stage. A richly corbelled cornice crowns the structure, above which a spire was projected by Giotto, but never carried out. Entry: FIG